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Fontaine · Vascular
Sistemas/Vascular

Fontaine classification of peripheral arterial disease

vigente

Stages chronic limb ischemia by symptoms.

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Escala de categorias
IIIaIIbIIIIV

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Procedência e vigência

Órgão emissor
Vascular consensus
Versão
1954
Ano
1954
Família
léxico
Tipo de lógica
flat
Modalidade
Angiography
Fonte primária
Classification of chronic limb ischemia (Fontaine and Rutherford)
Última verificação
2026-06-26
Última checagem
2026-06-26

Lógica de decisão

Forma estruturada (flat). Uma futura calculadora a lê; as categorias abaixo são a superfície legível.

Mostrar a lógica estruturada (JSON)
{
  "categories": [
    "I",
    "IIa",
    "IIb",
    "III",
    "IV"
  ]
}

Categorias num relance

Cat.SignificadoCondutaRiscoFonte
I
Stage I, asymptomatic
Asymptomatic stage — peripheral arterial disease is present but the patient has no symptoms.		Cardiovascular risk-factor management: smoking cessation, statin and antiplatelet therapy, and control of diabetes/hypertension; no revascularization for the asymptomatic limb itself.Up to ~50% of people with PAD are asymptomatic; even without limb symptoms, PAD marks elevated cardiovascular risk (stroke and myocardial infarction).
okfonte
Wikipedia 'Peripheral artery disease', Classification section (Fontaine stage I 'asymptomatic') and Treatment/Prognosis sections (risk-factor management; ~50% asymptomatic; elevated stroke/MI risk).
IIa
Stage IIa, mild claudication
Mild intermittent claudication — claudication pain that comes on after walking more than 200 metres.		Smoking cessation and supervised exercise therapy (treadmill walking ~30-60 min, at least 3x/week) plus risk-factor control; first-line for claudication, with revascularization usually reserved for lifestyle-limiting or refractory symptoms.Claudication is relatively benign for the limb — over ~5 years only ~7% undergo bypass, ~4% major amputation, ~16% worsen — but systemic risk is high (estimated ~30% 5-year mortality from cardiovascular events).
okfonte
Wikipedia 'Peripheral artery disease', Classification section (Fontaine IIa, claudication >200 m) and Treatment/Prognosis sections (supervised exercise 30-60 min 3x/week; 7% bypass, 4% amputation, 16% worsening; ~30% 5-year mortality).
IIb
Stage IIb, moderate to severe claudication
Moderate-to-severe intermittent claudication — claudication pain that comes on after walking less than 200 metres.		As for IIa — smoking cessation, supervised exercise therapy and risk-factor control are first-line; revascularization (endovascular or bypass) is considered for lifestyle-limiting or exercise-refractory short-distance claudication.Still a claudication (non-limb-threatening) stage with limb-outcome and ~30% 5-year cardiovascular mortality figures shared with IIa, though shorter pain-free distance reflects more severe disease.
okfonte
Wikipedia 'Peripheral artery disease', Classification section (Fontaine IIb, claudication <200 m) and Treatment/Prognosis sections (exercise therapy/smoking cessation first-line; claudication-cohort outcomes and ~30% 5-year mortality).
III
Stage III, rest pain
Ischemic rest pain — pain in the limb at rest, without exertion.		Part of chronic limb-threatening (critical) ischemia: revascularization is appropriate (endovascular or surgical bypass, with bypass recommended where life expectancy exceeds ~2 years), alongside analgesia and risk-factor management.Critical limb ischemia / limb-threat category — clear risk of limb loss if adequate perfusion is not re-established.
okfonte
Wikipedia 'Peripheral artery disease', Classification section (Fontaine III 'rest pain') and Treatment sections on chronic limb-threatening/critical limb ischemia (revascularization, bypass if life expectancy >2 years; risk of limb loss).
IV
Stage IV, ulceration or gangrene
Tissue loss — ulceration or gangrene of the affected limb.		Critical limb ischemia with tissue loss: urgent revascularization to salvage the limb plus wound care; amputation may be required when gangrene is established or revascularization fails.Highest-risk stage for limb loss — established gangrene/tissue death and infection often necessitate amputation.
okfonte
Wikipedia 'Peripheral artery disease', Classification section (Fontaine IV 'ulcers or gangrene') and Treatment sections (revascularization vs amputation; amputation when gangrene established).

Referências cruzadas

fronteira compartilhadaRutherford. Rutherford classification of peripheral arterial diseaseTwo staging systems for chronic limb ischemia.

Histórico de versões

Nenhum evento de versão registrado.

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